In the heart of Nagano Prefecture, surrounded by the majestic Japanese Alps, stands one of Japan’s most iconic and best-preserved fortresses: Matsumoto Castle. Unlike many European castles that rise from hills or cliffs, Matsumoto is built on a plain, earning it the title of a hirajiro or “flatland castle.” What makes it even more striking is its black exterior, which has given it the nickname “Crow Castle” because of the way its dark wooden walls and roofs resemble the wings of a bird in flight.

Construction of Matsumoto Castle began in the late 16th century during Japan’s Sengoku (Warring States) period, a time of constant conflict among regional warlords. Originally a stronghold of the Ogasawara clan, it later came under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate, which expanded and fortified it. With its stone foundations, multiple keeps, and wooden interiors, the castle is both a military structure and a piece of refined architecture.

The main keep, or tenshu, is a six-story tower (though it appears to be five stories from the outside) that served as both a command post and a last line of defense. From its top, samurai could survey the surrounding plains and spot approaching enemies. Clever design features reflect the castle’s defensive purpose: narrow windows for archers and gunners, steep stairs to slow attackers, and hidden openings for dropping stones or boiling oil on invaders.

Yet Matsumoto Castle is more than just a fortress. Inside, visitors can explore exhibitions of samurai armor, swords, and firearms, gaining insight into the world of Japan’s feudal warriors. In spring, the castle grounds transform into one of the country’s most beautiful hanami (cherry blossom viewing) spots, with pink sakura petals framing the black-and-white castle against the snow-covered Alps in the background.

Remarkably, Matsumoto Castle has survived for centuries in its original wooden form, unlike many Japanese castles that were destroyed and later rebuilt with concrete. Its preservation is a testament to local citizens who, in the late 19th century, rallied to save it from demolition when modernization threatened Japan’s feudal landmarks.

Today, Matsumoto Castle stands not only as a military relic but also as a cultural treasure. It embodies Japan’s history, artistry, and resilience—an enduring reminder of the country’s feudal era and its timeless ability to blend strength with beauty.